Pazuva rimwe chete masikati aipisa muzhizha ra2022, ndakamira mukicheni yangu inodzorwa nemamiriro ekunze, ndichiona reverse osmosis system yangu ichichenesa mvura kusvika pakuchena kwe99.9%. Ndakanzwa semunhu wemazuva ano, anenge achizvikudza. Ipapo ndakayeuka nyaya yandakaudzwa naambuya vangu: ndichikura kumaruwa eChina, mhuri yavo yaizadza hari dzevhu nemvura yerwizi, ichidonhedza marasha mashoma nemagoko eoyster akapwanywa, yorega zvichidzikama husiku hwese. Mangwanani, zvainge zvava kunwiwa.

Zvakandishamisa ipapo: hatina kutanga chishuwo chemvura yakachena. Takangoisimudzira mumaindasitiri. Kwezviuru zvemakore, vanhu vanga vachichenesa mvura, vachishandisa nzira dzaive dzakanyatsogadzirwa munguva yavo. Uye neimwe nzira, nzira idzodzo dzekare dzichiri nezvidzidzo zvenguva yedu ine tekinoroji yakawanda.

Mafirita Ekutanga Emvura: Marasha neJecha

Nzira dzekare dzaizivikanwa dzekuchenesa mvura dzaive dziri nyore, dzakanaka, uye dzaishanda zvinoshamisa. Dzaisada magetsi, hadzina kuburitsa marara, uye dzaishandisa zvinhu zvaingozadzwa nyore nyore.

Marasha: Sefa yeKabhoni Yepakutanga

Marasha, anogadzirwa nehuni dzinopiswa munzvimbo isina okisijeni yakawanda, ave achishandiswa kuchenesa mvura kwemakore angangoita 4 000. MaIndia ekare nevaIjipita vakaona kuti kuchengetedza mvura mumidziyo yematanda yakatsva kwakaita kuti irambe yakachena kwenguva refu.

Havana kunzwisisa sainzi, asi vakaona mhedzisiro yacho. Nhasi tinoziva kuti kabhoni inoshandiswa inonyudza zvinhu zvinosvibisa kuburikidza nenzira inonzi physical adsorption, uko mamorekuru anonamira panzvimbo yakakura, ine maburi ekabhoni. Giramu imwe chete yekabhoni inoshandiswa yemazuva ano ine nzvimbo yepamusoro inopfuura 3,000 square metres. Marasha ekare, kunyange zvazvo asina kunatswa zvakanyanya, akashanda papfungwa imwecheteyo.

Zvavaisaziva: Vaisaziva nezvebhakitiriya, mavhairasi, kana makemikari akanyungudutswa. Vaingoziva kuti mvura inochengetwa nemarasha inonaka zviri nani uye haikurumidzi kuora. Vaibvisa hwema uye vachivandudza kunaka, sezvinoita mafirita edu ekabhoni nhasi.

Jecha neMatombo: Sefa Yepakutanga yeMarara

Mifananidzo yeEgypt kubva muna 1500 BCE inoratidza mvura ichiseferwa nemujecha nematombo. VaRoma vakavaka madhishi emvura akakura, vachishandisa jecha nematombo kuti vabvise marara mvura isati yapinda mumigero yavo yemvura. MuIndia, Sushruta Samhita, bhuku rezvekurapa remuzana remakore rechitanhatu BCE, rakatsanangura mvura inopisa uye kuisefa nemujecha nemarasha.

Zvavaisaziva: Kusefa jecha kunoshanda nekubata zvinhu nemuviri. Bhayofimu rinoumbwa pajecha rinogaya zvimwe zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakatipoteredza. Richiri kushandiswa mukuchenesa mvura yemumaguta nanhasi.

Chimurenga Chekubikira

Kufashaira mvura kwave kuchiitwa kwemakore angangoita zviuru zvishanu, asi nyika yekare yakanga isinganzwisise biology. Vaifashaira mvura kuti iite "yakareruka" kana kubvisa "kuseka kwakashata," kwete kuuraya utachiona.

Chiremba wekuBritain ainzi John Snow haana kusvika mugore ra1854 apo chiremba wekuBritain ainzi John Snow akaona mvura yakasviba senzira yekukonzera chirwere chekorera muLondon. Kuwanikwa kwake kwakava nguva inokosha muhutano hwevanhu. Kufashaira kwakaerekana kwava nechinangwa chakajeka chesainzi: kuuraya mabhakitiriya.

Asi kufashaira kune miganhu. Hazvibvisi chinhu: hapana zvicherwa, hapana simbi dzinorema, hapana zvinosvibisa zvemakemikari. Iponi rinoshandisa hunyanzvi hwega. Madzitateguru edu akadzivirirwa kubva kuzvirwere, asi vachiri kunwa mvura yaigona kuzadzwa nearsenic, lead, kana mvura inoyerera kubva mukurima. Vaisazviziva.

VaAlchemist neDombo reVazivi

Pakati pekudonha kweRoma neRenaissance, nyanzvi dzezvemakemikari dzekuEurope dzakaedza kuchenesa mvura sechikamu chekutsvaga kwavo "dombo remuzivi" uye "mushonga wehupenyu." Vakanyungudutsa mvura, vakanyorovesa utsi, uye vakagadzira michina yakafanana zvikuru nemidziyo yemazuva ano yekunyungudutsa.

Kunyungudutsa: Kupisa mvura kuti iite utsi uye kuidzosera mumvura kunobvisa zvinhu zvese—zvicherwa, makemikari, mabhakitiriya. VaGiriki vekare vaiziva nezvekunyungudutsa, asi maArab alchemy ndivo vakainyungudutsa. Muzana remakore rechi8, Jabir ibn Hayyan akatsanangura nzira dzekunyungudutsa mafuta anonhuhwirira nemishonga, achitaura kuti mvura yakanyungudutswa yaive yakachena zvikuru.

Asi kudiridza kwainonoka, kwaida simba rakawanda, uye kwaisashanda kumhuri. Kwakaramba kuri chinhu chinonakidza murabhoritari kwemazana emakore.

Kuwanikwa Kukuru: Hupenyu Hwe microscopic

Zana remakore rechi17 rakauya nemaikorosikopu, uye pamwe chete nayo, zvakazarurwa zvakadzama. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, nyanzvi yesainzi yekuDutch, akatarisa mvura yemvura kuburikidza nemagirazi ake epamba ndokuona nyika yakazara nezvisikwa zvidiki. Aisaziva kuti mabhakitiriya, asi aiziva kuti zvipenyu.

Kuwanikwa uku kwakachinja hurukuro: mvura yakanga isiri chinhu chete; yaiva nzvimbo yekugara. Pfungwa yekuti mvura yekunwa inogona kukonzera chirwere yakanga ichiri kukakavadzana—dzidziso yehutachiona hwezvirwere yakanga isingagamuchirwi nevanhu vakawanda kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19—asi fungidziro yacho yakadyarwa.

Nguva Yemazuva Ano: Kusefa Kwava Kushanda Mumaindasitiri

Zana remakore rechi19 raive nguva yekuchenesa mvura mumaindasitiri. London yakavaka mafirita makuru ejecha. Paris yakawedzera kuonda (makemikari kuzvikamu zvemasumbu). Chigadzirwa chekutanga chemvura chemumaguta pasi rose chakatanga kushanda muna 1908 muUnited States.

Kuwanikwa kwetsaona: Kuisa chlorine mumafuta kwaive netsaona. Zvaizivikanwa kuti chlorine yakauraya mabhakitiriya, asi hapana akamboedza kuita izvi zvakanyanya. Muna 1908, kambani yemvura yekuNew Jersey, ichida kudzora kubuda kwetyphoid, yakatanga kuwedzera bleach mumvura. Zvakashanda. Pakazosvika 1920, kuisa chlorine mumafuta kwaive kwakapararira, uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemvura zvakaderera.

Asi kuisirwa chlorine kwakauya nemari yakawanda. Kemikari imwecheteyo yakauraya mabhakitiriya yakagadzirawo zvinhu zvinouraya utachiona (DBPs), zvinosanganisira trihalomethanes (THMs), izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinokonzera kenza. Nhasi, kurapwa kwemvura yemuguta kunoenzanisa kudiwa kwekuuraya utachiona nenjodzi yeDBPs. Inguva dzose yekuchinjana.

Chisinganzwisisike Chekufambira Mberi

Hechino chandinoona chinoshamisa: nzira dzemadzitateguru edu, pasinei nekureruka kwadzo, dzakagadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji akafanana atinosangana nawo nhasi.

Hatina kuchinja zvakanyanya mhinduro. Tangobva taita kuti maturusi acho ave anoshanda zviri nyore, ari nyore kushandisa, uye azvigadzirise ega.

Nzira Dzekare Dzakashandiswa Zvakanaka (Dzimwe Nguva Tinokanganwa)

1. Uchenjeri hwekucherechedza: Mapoka ekare akanga asina zvishandiso zvesainzi, asi ainyatsoteerera mhedzisiro. "Mvura inonaka haitirwadzisi" ndiyo yaive nzira yavo yekudzora hunhu. Dzimwe nguva tinorasikirwa nehuchenjeri uhwu. Tinovimba zvizere neTDS meter yedu, kunyangwe kana pfungwa dzedu dzichitiudza kuti chimwe chinhu hachina kumira zvakanaka.

2. Zviri nyore uye zvinogoneka kugadzirisa: Hari dzevhu dzinogona kutsiviwa. Marasha anogona kuunganidzwa. Jecha rinogona kusukurudzwa. Masisitimu ekare ekuchenesa mvura aive emunharaunda, aigone kugadziriswa, uye aisada zvikamu zvemunhu. Takachinjana kugadzirisa kuti zvive nyore uye takazopedzisira tava nemasisitimu anoraswa kana chikamu chemadhora gumi chakundikana.

3. Kusava nemarara: Zvinhu zvakabuda mukuchenesa kwekare zvaive madhaka akagadzikwa (aigona kushandiswa sefetereza) uye marasha akapera (aigona kuvigwa kana kuisirwa manyowa). Masisitimu emazuva ano eRO anogadzira machira emvura yakasviba nemapurasitiki anoramba ari mumarara kwemazana emakore.

4. Kukosha kwemwoyo murefu: Nzira dzekare dzaitora nguva. Mvura yaidzika usiku hwese. Kusefa jecha kwaitora nguva shoma. Kufashaira kwaida mafuta. Takagadzirisa kumhanya, dzimwe nguva tichisiya kunyatsonaka.

Zvatakadzidza (Zvavaisagona Kuziva)

1. Nyika isingaonekwe: Mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, simbi dzinorema, maVOC, PFAS, mishonga. Zvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa hazvionekwe nemaziso. Mvura yekare yaiva nazvowo, asi nyika yekare yakanga isingazive. Sainzi yedu inotipa mufananidzo wakakwana.

2. Kemikari yemvura: Tinonzwisisa pH, kuomarara, alkalinity, uye kudyidzana kuripo pakati pezvicherwa nezvinhu zvinosvibisa. Tinogona kutarisana nematambudziko chaiwo nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana.

3. Kuwanda kwekusvibiswa: Kusvibiswa kwemaindasitiri, mvura inoyerera muminda, uye mapurasitiki madiki zvaisavapo kare. Mvura yedu yakasvibiswa nenzira dzisina kumbofungidzirwa nevanhu makore mazana maviri apfuura. Tinoda maturusi epamusoro atakagadzirwa.

4. Kukosha kwekuyedza: Nzira dzekare dzaive dzekufungidzira. Tinogona kuyedza mvura yedu, kuziva zviri mairi, uye kusarudza mhinduro chaiyo.

Kugadzira: Kukudza Zvekare, Kugamuchira Zvitsva

Handikurudzire kusiya hurongwa hwenyu hweRO nehari yevhu. Kucheneswa kwemvura kwemazuva ano kunoponesa hupenyu. Asi ndinofunga kuti tinogona kudzidza chimwe chinhu kubva muuchenjeri hwekare.

Teerera pfungwa dzako. Kana mvura ichinaka zvisina kunaka, iri kuedza kukuudza chimwe chinhu. Usazvifuratira.

Nyoresa kana zvichibvira. Kana mvura yemuno yakachengeteka uye ichingoda kunatsiridzwa kwekuravira, firita yekabhoni yakakwana. Haudi sisitimu ine zvikamu gumi nemana.

Funga nezvehupenyu hwese uye kugona kugadziriswa. Sarudza masisitimu ane zvikamu zvinotsiviwa. Dzivisa ma cartridge ega ega anokuvharira mugadziri mumwe chete.

Deredza marara. Dzokorora mafirita ako kana zvichibvira. Isa manyowa mufudze wekabhoni yako yawashandisa. Chinhu chidiki chega chega chinoderedza mutoro wemarara.

Iva nemwoyo murefu. Kusefa kunotora nguva. Usasundidzira system yako kupfuura simba rayo.

Tsika yeMangwanani

Mangwanani ega ega, ndinodurura girazi remvura kubva muRO system yangu. Itsika diki: girazi rakajeka, mvura inotonhorera, nguva yekutenda. Ndinofunga nezverwendo rwakatorwa nemvura—kuburikidza nematsime emvura ekare, kuburikidza nemafekitori ekurapa emuguta, kuburikidza nesystem yangu. Ndinofunga nezvemamiriyoni evanhu, muzviuru zvemakore, vakatsvaga chinhu chimwe chete: mvura yakachengeteka kunwa.

Tekinoroji yachinja. Chido hachina kuchinja.

Hari yevhu yaambuya vangu yakandidzidzisa chimwe chinhu chandisingambogoni kuita semurongi wangu wezvemitemo: mvura yakachena ikodzero yevanhu, chinhu chinodiwa nevanhu, uye kubudirira kwevanhu. Tave tichishanda pairi kwezviuru zvemakore. Uye tichiri kushanda.